Surveying, engineering surveys for construction

Any design and construction activities precede the engineering survey. Surveying in the construction makes it possible to obtain full information about the terrain, to make reliable data in the documentation of the existing her communications and buildings, potentially predict possible changes in terrain, to draw up recommendations for the planned construction works.

For geodetic surveys include a set of works in the field of geodesy and topography, which are carried out on the ground, in the office and the lab. Consistency and performance of work are regulated documents, but may be adjusted in accordance with the technical specifications, physical and geographical features of the area, which is being investigated.

Geodetic engineering surveys and their stages

Field

Directly on the ground carried out engineering and geodetic survey. Mine workings and attached staking. Updated special plans of different types and purposes. Create or develop the network of special purpose justification for the shooting, geodetic network, executive surveys carried out during the construction of various facilities. The data is processed and prepared calculations.

During surveying carried out a detailed topographic survey of microrelief archaeological sites, monitoring in the areas of development of man-made and natural processes. Field stage involves reconnaissance of the terrain, the trigonometrical survey (topography, vegetation, hydrography, communications on the ground and above it). Requirements for shooting: the accuracy and compliance of scale. At the same time being traced and communications cables under the ground (wells, chambers and others) to obtain information about the depth of their occurrence, and material quantities. All detected objects tied to a coordinate system.

Some communications are easily determined using the wells, others - are looking for with the help of special devices - locator. These devices are responsive to the presence of metal and the presence of the electromagnetic field. The location and depth of the communications are carried on the device screen.

A geodesic network - Alignments base for all the measurements, consisting of interconnected and fixed in the coordinate system and elevation of points.

Surveying is divided into topographic, vertical, horizontal, front, floor, depending on the task. For its optimal solution surveyor selects equipment: total stations, theodolites, optical and digital levels, laser range finders and builders of planes.

Surveying is the basis for all tasks that are put before the engineering survey. It is therefore important its accuracy. To eliminate errors used dual control method. Primary control - checking the quality of recording equalization geodetic measurements. Second Control - Field - re-sampling of the subject. To achieve the result of high accuracy calibration tool runs annually. Some types of work are performed only after verification.

Point of coordination in the area called pickets. The use of total stations complement the satellite or other special equipment. Only satellite receiver for use rarely, shooting accuracy is dependent on local conditions.

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Data obtained on the ground, processed, and is preparing a technical opinion. When creating technical report uses materials field measurement heights directories circuits horizontal and vertical geodetic networks, equalization and precision of estimation. Geodetic measurements are equalized and processed, all of the objects shown on a plan with the help of a special program. Objects and data land designated signs approved by the Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography.

The application of the plan facilities located on site is carried out after consultation with operators. Communication, which have not been discovered, applied according to executive documents.

By providing a framework working draft operate topographic survey at 1: 500. This scale is a standard for subsequent approval and protection project in the territorial Office of Architecture and Urban Planning.

For drawing up topographic perform the following work:

• obtaining permission to conduct topographic geodetic surveys in the Office of Architecture and state supervision;
• organize the construction of horizontal and vertical survey networks using terrestrial methods and GPS receivers;
• to conduct a topographical survey of the selected scale, given the Point of underground utilities;
• build or update existing topographic maps, digital and 3D models;
• conduct ground-based laser scanning of individual objects and sites;
• to prepare a technical report;
• agree on the results of work performed.

Drafting the report - the final stage of work. It is provided in urban planning and architecture bodies when shall surveying. The customer receives a document, stamped by that body.

Surveying is used for a wide range of applications: for mineral exploration, maritime and air navigation. Main application - design and construction. Thanks to her, determined by the accuracy and quality of the estimated construction and installation work. This process is called control surveying, it is regulated by building codes. The result is a drawing that is easy to read and clearly.

Shooting portion is regulated and the Regulations requires quality testing. Surveying the activities subject to compulsory licensing.