Apple tree - the agricultural technician and biological features

Apple tree - the leading fruit crop, it is grown in more than 80 countries with annual production of more than 60 million tons of fruit. Apple is grown in China, India, Germany, Brazil, Spain... In Siberia, it is quite a young culture, so our varieties not yet constitute a European fierce competition.

In Siberia grown on apple pome rootstock, which are used as seedlings hardy varieties Ranetok (Purple, Tselinnaya, Dobrynia).

The structure of the apple

The root system consists of skeletal and fouling roots.

The root system of Siberian breeding apple withstand freezing temperatures and soil freezing to -16-20 degrees.

Maxim Kushnarev (Candidate of Agriculture Science, SRI researcher them. Lisavenko):

Therefore, we can not use European rootstocks which give the crown a more compact form, and allow plants before entering into fruition - their root system can withstand temperatures from -10 to -6 degrees. When winters with little snow on apple rootstocks such freeze, and people are buying these plants, often wastes money.

The ground part of apple: shtamb (trunk from the root collar up to the first skeletal branches), skeletal branches, the branches of the first order, which goes directly from the trunk.

1.Obrastayuschie branch 2.Lider 3.Kornevaya neck 4.Gorizontalnye roots roots 6.Vertikalnye 7.Shtamb 8.Vetvi 9.Vetvi first-order second-order

In Siberia, it is recommended to grow apple trees not shtambovoy form and bush. This is due to the fact that every 10 years in the region are repeated harsh winters, which are damaged and even small-fruited form sredneplodnye apple. Large fruited apple freeze completely, and it is necessary to lay the plantation completely.

Maxim Kushnarev:

To avoid this, we recommend to grow an apple tree in a few trunks.

Planting apple trees: spring or autumn?

Maxim Kushnarev:

Most often recommended to plant apple trees in the spring. Planting seedlings in the spring, you avoid their damage by rodents, low temperatures and other stress factors. But the best planting time - autumn.

There are primary and secondary root growth. In the primary root system grows in length, thickening occurs at a secondary root system, it acquires root hairs, which provide power plant. Primary root growth occurs in the summer, secondary growth - fall. In addition, all the seedlings in nurseries are dug in autumn and at storage root seedling system is gradually dying out. Therefore, in the fall you plant a seedling to a healthy, strong root system than in the spring. But in the fall you expect unpleasant moments, which are discussed above: the damage by rodents, low temperatures, etc.

Maxim Kushnarev:

If you believe in yourself, know that you can protect plants from these negative factors, it is best to plant apple trees in the fall. When in doubt, buy a sapling in the fall, keep it in a cellar or basement, because it is better to have no one to save.

If you can not organize a winter storage of seedlings, buy them in the spring, but try to choose the most viable. There is always the temptation to buy a sapling with closed root system, but sellers often simply transplanted into pots ordinary frail seedlings which were not sold in the fall. Such seedlings are much more expensive, but it was no use of them.

landing

There are many ways of apple planting described in horticultural literature. Often, people are digging huge pits 60-70 cm deep and 60-70 cm wide. It is not right.

Maxim Kushnarev:

If you have a small seedling, small root system, then, respectively, and the pit should be small. Its depth can be up to 30-40 cm.

For planting apple trees we select the most illuminated portion of the garden, the distance between plants should be at least four meters. If you grow columnar shape of appleAllowed distance between plants in 1.5-2 meters.

How to cook well,

Choosing the landing site, starting to dig a hole. The upper, more fertile soil layer of earth thrown back in one direction, the bottom - in another. If the land is poor, you can add humus and mineral fertilizers.

Chemical fertilizers are added at the rate of:
100 grams of ammonium nitrate, 500 g of superphosphate and 70 g of potassium fertilizer.

These fertilizers are mixed with the ground and laid on the bottom of the well, the top is filled with a bit of humus, and on top - the land, which was in the fertile layer. This is to ensure that the root system is not in contact with mineral fertilizers. If the root system will be in contact with fertilizers, it will die; such a plant would not be viable.

How to plant

After all podsypany in the hole should form a mound of earth.

We put a sapling on the mound, straighten the roots evenly, in the future they are as evenly grown and consumed moisture. We fall asleep from above the ground from the top layer. If this earth has ended, it can be taken from the fertile topsoil anywhere in the garden. The main thing is not to allow the stones, dirt and all kinds of garbage.

Evenly pour the ground, thicken foot. That the root system is more tightly in contact with the ground, it is necessary to shake her slight movements, to take over the inner barrel and pull up a few times. Then again it is necessary to trample down the ground with his foot.

After landing around the stalk hole depth is 5-15 cm. The plant is watered at the rate of 2-3 buckets of water on sapling to and dispersed mineral fertilizers, and the root system has received the necessary moisture. Mulch humus or sawdust, if they do not, you can leaves but not fruit and ornamental plants. Mulch prevents enhanced moisture loss from the soil.

the landing cropping

After planting, the seedling must be cut by 1/3 (when spring planting, then 2/3). Do not be afraid to cut a sapling!

We dug seedlings for 3-5 hours actively dying root hairs that provide power plants for several weeks die larger branches. The remaining branches of the root system after planting can not fully meet the above-ground part of the plant nutrients. Is rejected the aerial part, and it is extremely painful for the plant. To avoid this, the seedling should be cut, thus you will allow the plant to grow and develop.

fruit formation

Maxim Kushnarev:

Many amateur gardeners regret your plant, I do not know what to feel sorry for. Fruit plants intended to bear fruit. If you do not care for their plants are not circumcised are building, not clarified by the crown, and the yield is reduced.

In the first five years, we form fruit plants and pruning focuses on fruit formations.

Simple kolchatka has a fruit bud at the end, complex kolchatka - three or four buds. Kopetso - small branch, which is formed by one, two or three of the fetus, depending on their size (from European varieties of apple fruit usually one). Fruit twig - it is formed from a large-fruit varieties and a few in Siberian medium- and small-fruited. Fruit sprig and spurs are typical European varieties; Siberian varieties of fruit such entities do not have.

In the Siberian varieties of special type of fruiting, taken from the Siberian berry apple and formed at a time when it was fighting for its survival. The main fruit of Education Siberian varieties - kolchatki. Kolchatki appear on the second or third year, so early in the Siberian varieties come into bearing. When pruning fruit trees and formirovke should focus on fruit formations, watch what and how much they were. How beautiful is this tree when it does not matter at all.

Maxim Kushnarev:

The fruit plants - apple, cherry, pear - we appreciate all the same not their decorative qualities. For us it is a plant that bears fruit.

Terms of pruning

spring trimmingForming an apple tree, make before the sap flow, before bud break in April. Through this cutting plant does not lose nutrients, and it will be better, more productive work. A second crop, summer, held in May and June, for those plants that received severe damage. Why in these times? Gardeners are waiting for the full blossoming of the leaves, in order to assess whether or not the branch was killed. If the end of May leafing did not happen, it means that the branch was killed; if the leaves do not have blossomed over the tree, then the tree can not be saved.

Why can not cut the apple in the fall? cutting off the plant, We put him a large number of injuries. In autumn the plants begins a period of rest, sap flow does not occur, the cells are not active, in addition, the evaporation and drying of the tissues at the site clipping. The plant becomes impaired, and it often happens that even after nesurovyh, not cold -25 degree winters, it is ill milky sheen. These plants must be destroyed, because the milky sheen does not treated, only suppressed.

freezing of

freezing of - the main problem faced by the Siberian gardeners who grow an apple tree.

What plants are not viable and would die anyway, if not immediately, then gradually? How to distinguish them? Make a cut garden shears and a closer look at it.

The greater the degree of damage, the darker the color of the wood.

Live timber, live and live bark cambium mean that apple not suffered such apple hereinafter may be formed in any desired manner.

Mild to moderate freezing of saying that such plants can be run, but they will demand our increased attention. In particular, the need to make fertilizer at the rate of one tree: 20-30 grams of ammonium nitrate, superphosphate 150-200 grams, 50 grams of potassium fertilizers.

Severe damage to plants is almost impossible to save. Even if you save it with the watering and fertilizing, apple is sick, its wood will remain fragile, and during strong squally winds will break the plant.

At even greater damage plant dies immediately.

After a strong winter of freezing we allocate more viable shoots, without damage, and form them in the right direction of growth. For information on how to form an apple tree in a variety of forms, including shtambovoy and bushy, we describe in the second part of this lecture, which will be published on FORUMHOUSE soon.

Watch our video about how to store the seedlings in the winter, and the best way to spend spring planting. Check out our article on how to to provide emergency assistance to a diseased apple tree. You are unable to determine what kind of apple tree growing in your garden? On FORUMHOUSE help you determine the grade of photos.

Discuss the article and read other materials devoted to country life you can on the websiteFORUMHOUSE.

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